History Events on July 19

The Sandinista rebels overthrow the government of the Somoza family in Nicaragua.

#Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front

American Civil War: Morgan's Raid: At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan's raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River.

#American_Civil_War

In a private meeting with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, French President François Mitterrand reveals the existence of the Farewell Dossier, a collection of documents showing the Soviet Union had been stealing American technological research and development.

#Ronald_Reagan

Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow.

#Great_Northern_War

Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.

#Franco-Prussian_War

Battle of Simancas: King Ramiro II of León defeats the Moorish army under Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III near the city of Simancas.

#Battle_of_Simancas

United Airlines Flight 232 crashes in Sioux City, Iowa killing 111.

#United_Airlines_Flight_232

World War II: Army order 112 forms the Intelligence Corps of the British Army.

#Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)

Tunisia imposes a blockade on the French naval base at Bizerte; the French would capture the entire town four days later.

#Bizerte_crisis

World War II: The Second Happy Time of Hitler's submarines comes to an end, as the increasingly effective American convoy system compels them to return to the central Atlantic.

#Second_Happy_Time

World War II: Rome is heavily bombed by more than 500 Allied aircraft, inflicting thousands of casualties.

#Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II

Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete: Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic.

#Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania

Lady Jane Grey is replaced by Mary I of England as Queen of England after only nine days on the throne.

#Lady_Jane_Grey

Representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy sign the Nanfan Treaty, ceding a large territory north of the Ohio River to England.

#Iroquois

Korean politician Lyuh Woon-hyung is assassinated.

#Lyuh_Woon-hyung

Great New York City Fire of 1845: The last great fire to affect Manhattan began early in the morning and was subdued that afternoon. The fire killed four firefighters, 26 civilians, and destroyed 345 buildings.

#Great_New_York_City_Fire_of_1845

The world's first Global Positioning System (GPS) signal was transmitted from Navigation Technology Satellite 2 (NTS-2) and received at Rockwell Collins in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, at 12:41 a.m. Eastern time (ET).

#Global_Positioning_System

Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.

#Leontius_(usurper)

The first line of the Paris Métro opens for operation.

#Paris_Métro_Line_1

Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel.

#Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585-1604)

Brunel's steamship the SS Great Britain is launched, becoming the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull and screw propeller, becoming the largest vessel afloat in the world.

#Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel

World War I: Battle of Fromelles: British and Australian troops attack German trenches as part of the Battle of the Somme.

#World_War_I

Dhofar Rebellion: British SAS units help the Omani government against Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman rebels in the Battle of Mirbat.

#Dhofar_Rebellion

Women's rights: A two-day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York.

#Women's_rights

World War II: Battle of Cape Spada: The Royal Navy and the Regia Marina clash; the Italian light cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni sinks, with 121 casualties.

#World_War_II

Maurice Garin wins the first Tour de France.

#Maurice_Garin

The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.

#Great_Fire_of_Rome

Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Halidon Hill: The English win a decisive victory over the Scots.

#Wars_of_Scottish_Independence

Field Marshal Ceremony: First occasion in World War II, that Hitler appointed field marshals due to military achievements.

#1940_Field_Marshal_Ceremony

Opening of the Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.

#1952_Summer_Olympics

Gunmen in Egypt's western desert province of New Valley Governorate attack a military checkpoint, killing at least 21 soldiers. Egypt reportedly declares a state of emergency on its border with Sudan.

#New_Valley_Governorate

Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is created.

#Sagarmatha_National_Park

Prime Minister of the shadow Burmese government, Bogyoke Aung San and eight others are assassinated.

#Myanmar

Taiping Rebellion: Third Battle of Nanking: The Qing dynasty finally defeats the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

#Taiping_Rebellion

Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguy?n Khánh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.

#Vietnam_War

The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army resumes a ceasefire to end their 25-year paramilitary campaign to end British rule in Northern Ireland.

#The_Troubles

The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology.

#Tudor_period

Arab-Byzantine wars: Battle of Apamea: Fatimids defeat a Byzantine army near Apamea.

#Arab-Byzantine_wars

Joe Walker flies a North American X-15 to a record altitude of 106,010 meters (347,800 feet) on X-15 Flight 90. Exceeding an altitude of 100 km, this flight qualifies as a human spaceflight under international convention.

#Joseph_A._Walker

A car bomb kills Judge Paolo Borsellino and five members of his escort.

The Val di Stava dam collapses killing 268 people in Val di Stava, Italy.

The first three-dimensional reconstruction of a human head in a CT is published.

In one of the first militant attacks by Hezbollah, David S. Dodge, president of the American University of Beirut, is kidnapped.

Opening of the Summer Olympics in Moscow.

The oil tanker SS Atlantic Empress collides with another oil tanker, causing the largest ever ship-borne oil spill.

The British Medical Association is founded as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association by Sir Charles Hastings at a meeting in the Board Room of the Worcester Infirmary.

Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom.

Unsuccessful in his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Hawaii for the Russian-American Company, Georg Anton Schäffer is forced to admit defeat and leave Kauai.

Italian War of 1542-46: The first Siege of Boulogne begins.