History Events on July 01

World War II: First Battle of El Alamein.

#First_Battle_of_El_Alamein

The Northern Territory in Australia is granted self-government.

#Northern_Territory

Start of first Tour de France bicycle race.

#1903_Tour_de_France

The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.

#Kim_Philby

Joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society of London.

#Charles_Darwin

Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne in Ireland (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).

#Glorious_Revolution

Rioting erupts in Mongolia in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.

#2008_riot_in_Mongolia

The Battle of La Higueruela takes place in Granada, leading to a modest advance of the Kingdom of Castile during the Reconquista.

#Battle_of_La_Higueruela

Union of Lublin: The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.

#Union_of_Lublin

Spanish-American War: The Battle of San Juan Hill is fought in Santiago de Cuba.

#Spanish-American_War

Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, second daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Louis of Hesse, the future Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse.

#Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom

The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.

#United_States_Department_of_Justice

Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces.

#Smoking_ban_in_England

The Great Railroad Strike of 1922 begins in the United States.

#Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1922

The Congo Free State is established by King Leopold II of Belgium.

#Congo_Free_State

Flooding of Canada's Saint Lawrence Seaway begins.

#Saint_Lawrence_Seaway

François-Jean de la Barre, a young French nobleman, is tortured and beheaded before his body is burnt on a pyre along with a copy of Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique nailed to his torso for the crime of not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession in Abbeville, France.

#François-Jean_de_la_Barre

American Civil War: The Battle of Gettysburg begins.

#Battle_of_Gettysburg

Cold War: The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.

#Cold_War

Ghana becomes a republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth II ceases to be its head of state.

#Ghana

Prince Edward Island joins into Canadian Confederation.

#Prince_Edward_Island

Wiley Post and Harold Gatty become the first people to circumnavigate the globe in a single-engined monoplane aircraft.

#Wiley_Post

Raid on Lunenburg: American privateers attack the British settlement of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.

#Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1782)

The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Elizabeth II on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh. In Wales, the powers of the Welsh Secretary are transferred to the National Assembly.

#Scottish_Parliament

Independence of Somalia.

#Somalia

Independence of Rwanda and Burundi.

#Rwanda

Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.

#Charles_Taze_Russell

German reunification: East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.

#German_reunification

China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156 years of British colonial rule. The handover ceremony is attended by British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Charles, Prince of Wales, Chinese President Jiang Zemin, and U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.

#Handover_of_Hong_Kong

Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, a Tupolev Tu-154, and DHL Flight 611, a Boeing 757, collide in mid-air over Überlingen, southern Germany, killing all 71 on board both planes.

#Tupolev_Tu-154

The Russian State Library is founded as the Library of the Moscow Public Museum.

#Russian_State_Library

Portugal grants autonomy to Madeira.

#Madeira

Specific values for the international yard, avoirdupois pound and derived units (e.g. inch, mile and ounce) are adopted after agreement between the US, the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries.

#Yard

The United States Central Intelligence Agency's Phoenix Program is officially established.

#Central_Intelligence_Agency

The first color television transmission in Canada takes place from Toronto.

#Color_television

Saturn orbit insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UTC and ends at 02:48 UTC.

#Saturn

Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy. During the fighting king Totila is mortally wounded.

#Battle_of_Taginae

The British North America Act takes effect as the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia join into confederation to create the modern nation of Canada. Sir John A. Macdonald is sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Canada. This date is commemorated annually in Canada as Canada Day, a national holiday.

#Constitution_Act,_1867

The International Geophysical Year begins.

#International_Geophysical_Year

American Civil War: The Battle of Malvern Hill takes place. It is the last of the Seven Days Battles, part of George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.

#American_Civil_War

General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell and Childers reforms of the British Army, comes into effect.

#Cardwell_Reforms

First meeting of the Westminster Assembly, a council of theologians ("divines") and members of the Parliament of England appointed to restructure the Church of England, at Westminster Abbey in London.

#Westminster_Assembly

The Parliament of Canada suspends all Chinese immigration.

#Parliament_of_Canada

Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in the On-to-Ottawa Trek.

#Regina,_Saskatchewan

Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés fight their way out of Tenochtitlan after nightfall.

#Conquistador

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-two countries.

#Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons

The world's first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.

#Telephone_call

The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.

#Sholes_and_Glidden_typewriter

Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved. Since this date, no city in Japan has the name "Tokyo" (present-day Tokyo is not officially a city).

#Tokyo_City

Sony introduces the Walkman.

#Sony

Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.

#Universal_Postal_Union

A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashes into the Fouta Djallon mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.

#North_Korea

The United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.

#Reciprocity_(Canadian_politics)

The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

#International_Criminal_Court

Germany despatches the gunship SMS Panther to Morocco, sparking the Agadir Crisis.

#SMS_Panther

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-i-Azam) inaugurates Pakistan's central bank, the State Bank of Pakistan.

#Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah

Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by sultan Kilij Arslan I.

#Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)

The Philippine Air Force is established.

#Philippine_Air_Force

World War I: First day on the Somme: On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 19,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed and 40,000 wounded.

#First_day_on_the_Somme

The first Gay pride march in England takes place.

#Gay_pride

Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union.

#Croatia

Canada and Bermuda are linked by telegraph cable.

#Bermuda

The first operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China.

Over 500,000 people protest against efforts to pass anti-sedition legislation in Hong Kong.

The American radio station WFAN in New York City is launched as the world's first all-sports radio station.

The PG-13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.

"O Canada" officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.

Formal separation of the United Auto Workers from the AFL-CIO in the United States.

Merger Treaty: The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.

ZIP codes are introduced for United States mail.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.

The merger of two princely states of India, Cochin and Travancore, into the state of Thiru-Kochi (later re-organized as Kerala) in the Indian Union ends more than 1,000 years of princely rule by the Cochin royal family.

The Australian Federal Government becomes the sole collector of income tax in Australia as State Income Tax is abolished.

Australia's national broadcaster, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, was formed.

United Airlines begins service (as Boeing Air Transport).

Leutnant Kurt Wintgens of the then-named German Deutsches Heer's Fliegertruppe army air service achieves the first known aerial victory with a synchronized machine-gun armed fighter plane, the Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker.

SOS is adopted as the international distress signal.

Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) in Suriname, marking the abolition of slavery by the Netherlands.

Signing of the Quinault Treaty: The Quinault and the Quileute cede their land to the United States.

A system of civil registration of births, marriages and deaths is established in England and Wales.

Johann Georg Tralles discovers the Great Comet of 1819, (C/1819 N1). It was the first comet analyzed using polarimetry, by François Arago.

Lexell's Comet is seen closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 AU (1,360,000 mi; 2,180,000 km)

Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake by Roman Catholic authorities in Brussels.

Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.